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Table 1 Targeted pet/ct imaging and radiopharmaceuticals

From: Positron emission tomography in breast cancer: 18F- FDG and other radiopharmaceuticals

Radiopharmaceutical

Imaging target

References

16α-[18F]-fluoro-17β-oestradiol (18F-FES)

ER expression

(van Kruchten et al., 2013; Dehdashti et al., 1995; Linden et al., 2006; Peterson et al., 2008; Peterson et al., 2011; Mintun et al., 1988; Sun et al., 2015)

4-fluoro-11β-methoxy-16α-[18F] fluoroestradiol (4FMFES)

ER expression

(Paquette et al., 2017)

21-18F-fluoro-16α,17α-[(R)-(1′-α-furylmethylidene)dioxy]-19-norpregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (18F-FFNP)

PR expression

ER expression

(Dalm et al., 2017; Dehdashti et al., 2012)

(Chan et al., 2015)

89Zr-DFO-trastuzumab

HER2 expression

(Henry et al., 2017)

64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab

HER2 expression

(Henry et al., 2017)

68Ga-1,4,7,10-Tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N″,N″‘-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-F(ab’)2-trastuzumab [68Ga-DOTA-F(ab’)2-trastuzumab

HER2 expression

(Beylergil et al., 2013; Oude Munnink et al., 2014)

68Ga-labeled affibody molecules

HER2 expression

(Baum et al., 2010; Tolmachev et al., 2010; Sörensen et al., 2014)

18F

HER2 expression

(Mintun et al., 1988)

68Ga

HER2 expression

(Mintun et al., 1988)

18F-fluorothymidine (FLT)

DNA synthesis

(Cervino et al., 2013; Crippa et al., 2015)

2-11C-thymidine

DNA synthesis

(Kenny, 2016)

1-(29-deoxy-29-fluoro-b-D-arabinofuranosyl) thymine (FMAU)

DNA synthesis

(Kenny, 2016)

18F-benzamide analogs

DNA synthesis

(Kenny, 2016)

18F-galacto-RGD

Angiogenesis

(Beer et al., 2008)

68Ga-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4,7-tris[(2-carboxyethyl) (methylenephosphinic acid]) (TRAP)-(RGD)3

Angiogenesis

(Kazmierczak et al., 2016)

68Ga-1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4-bis(acetic acid)(NODAGA)-RGD

Angiogenesis

(Mankoff et al., 2007)

Fluoromisonidazole (FMISO) labeled with H-3 or F-18

Hypoxia

(Rasey et al., 1989)

18F-fluoroetanida-zole (FETA)

Hypoxia

(Rajendran, 2005; Barthel et al., 2004)

18F-fluoroazomycinarabinoside (FAZA)

Hypoxia

(Rajendran, 2005; Barthel et al., 2004)

64Cu-diacetyl-bis-N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone (ATSM)

Hypoxia

(Rajendran, 2005; Barthel et al., 2004)

18F-annexin V

Apoptosis

(Zijlstra et al., 2003)

68Ga-Dotamaleimide-conjugated Cys2-annexin V

Apoptosis

(Bauwens et al., 2011)

68Ga-Dotamaleimide-conjugated Cys165-annexin V

Apoptosis

(Bauwens et al., 2011)

18F-labeled 2-(5-fluoro-pentyl)-2-methyl-malonic acid (ML-10)

Apoptosis

(Madar & Huang, 2009)

18F-fluorobenzyl triphenyl phosphonium (18F-FBnTP)

Apoptosis

(Niu & Chen, 2010)

1-[4-(2-18F-fluoroethoxy)-benzyl]-5-(2-phenoxymethyl-pyrrolidine-1-sulfonyl)-1H-indole-2,3-dione (18F-WC-II-89), 18F-labeled isatin analog (S)-1-[[1-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazol-4-yl]methyl]-5-[2-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)methyl-pyrrolidine-1-sulfonyl]isatin ([18F]ICMT-11)

Apoptosis

(Ogawa & Aoki, 2014)

18F)fluorocholine (fluoromethyl-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium [FCH])

Elevated levels of choline

(DeGrado et al., 2001)

(18F)fluoromethyl-methylethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium (FMEC)

Elevated levels of choline

(DeGrado et al., 2001)

18F)fluoroethyl-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium (FEC), and (18F)fluoropropyl-dimethyl-2-hydroxyethylammonium (FPC) choline analogs

Elevated levels of choline

(DeGrado et al., 2001)

11C)choline-PET

Elevated levels of choline

(Kenny et al., 2010)

18F-FDG

Elevated levels of choline

(Tateishi et al., 2012)